Community Based Health Promotion Programs - 1957 Words

COMMUNITY HEALTH PROMOTION Introduction Community-Based Health Promotion is a comprehensive, systematic, coordinated approach to long-term health behavior change by influencing the community (cultural) norms through education and community organization. Studies show that most Americans want to lead healthy lives and are eager to improve their lifestyles. In fact, many continuously attempt to change unhealthy behaviors, only to fail. Most health promotion strategies assist individuals in changing health risk behaviors: self-help pamphlet distribution, individual counseling, group education classes, support groups, and health risk appraisals. Careful evaluation of these strategies has shown that long-term behavior change is very difficult for most participants. The failure rate can be 80% or more. The best predictor of health behavior and long-lasting successful behavior change is often the culture in which a person lives. Health promotion programs need to make it possible for the community to support healthy behaviors. To d o this successfully, the community and its leadership must be mobilized to provide community-based health promotion programs. Project Title Community Based Health Promotion - Its viability, cost-effectiveness and its impact on the community. This particular project is designed to assess the effectiveness Community Based Health Promotion on the Geriatric population and utilized Senior Fitness Test for baseline measures. Significance and InnovationShow MoreRelatedBSHE 500 Take Home Exam 1 Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesclass as providing many possible avenues for research and program implementation.   Using the required readings and lectures, write about the pros and cons of a social ecological framework for understanding health behaviors and designing health promotion programs. Your analysis should lead to a conclusion about the framework. The social ecological framework comprises of person-focused and environment-focused interventions designed to promote health. The social ecological framework can be used as an idealRead MoreBenefits of health promotion1122 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits of health promotion Wytoshery Williams Grand Canyon University Family centered health promotion December 22, 2013 BENEFITS OF HEALTH PROMOTION A Healthy lifestyle is promoted by being educated in prevention methods and strategies. How is health promotion define and what is its purpose? The nursing roles, responsibilities and implementation methods for health promotion will be addressed, finally, a comparison of the health promotion levels. Health promotion is defined asRead MoreHealth Promotion793 Words   |  4 Pagesnow shifted to health promotion. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as the â€Å"process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.† Health promotion focuses on changes to a community as well as an individuals health by modifying their behaviors to strive for optimal health, which The American Journal of Health Promotion defines as beingRead MoreHealth Promotion Through Prevention And Wellness874 Words   |  4 Pagesthe consequences before we take action. Health promotion through prevention and wellness is therefore a vital component of health care system in any community. Bezner (2015) defined health promotion as the process of empowering a person to change his lifestyle and behavior, with the purpose of improving the overall health of people living in the community. According to Bezner (2015) physical therapists are ideal messengers and ro le models in health promotion and wellness. In line with this, physicalRead MoreFamily Centered Health Promotion Essay examples958 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Centered Health Promotion Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V 05/12/2013 Definition of Health Promotion is increasing awareness, indentifying alternatives and influencing attitudes of the people, so that they can make an informed decision and change their behaviors to achieve an optimal level of mental, physical and social health. Health promotion is also defined as the process of empowering people to improve and take control of their health to optimize the quality of their lives. EnnisRead MoreRole Of A Public Health Nurse963 Words   |  4 PagesContributions Role of Public Health Nurses The role of a public health nurse encompasses a vast amount of responsibilities. As a basis for practice, public health nurses must adhere to the code of ethics. The code of ethics, developed by Sir William David Ross in the 1940s, is a set of four principles. These principles include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice (Ivanov, 2013). By incorporating these four main principles into practice, public health nurses can better protect andRead MoreHealth Promotion in Nursing Practice Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesHEALTH PROMOTION IN NURSING PRACTICE Nursing Role and Responsibilities In health Promotion 7 January 2012 Nursing Roles and Responsibilities in Health Promotion Health promotion has become priority issues and future directions for health professions from a world perspective. By focusing on individuals, families, communities, and the environments in which people live, work, and play the health care professionals today are vital links for promoting national and international health. NursesRead MoreReflection Of Faith Based Nursing Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesFaith Based Nursing Following the Servant Christ, the early church took on the task of caring for and visiting the sick. A very important part of the church’s ministry from the beginning, has been healing and spiritual couseling. Parish Nursing began with the early work of deaconesses and other religious sisters who worked in parishes to provide whole person health promotion with an emphasis on spiritual care. The contemporary side of Parish Nursing was conceptualized by Reverend Granger WestbergRead MoreRoles And Roles Of Pediatric Nurses Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesNurses in Healthcare and in Health Promotion: Literature Review Introduction Pediatric nurses work on health promotion, pain management, and alleviation of psychological distress for the clients and their families. Generally, health promotion and advocacy activities are the dominance of holistic nursing practices. Nurses participate in both patient advocacy and legislative advocacy to encourage healthy patterns. Pediatric nursing in Canada focuses on the health promotion activities such as obesityRead MoreFaith Based Nursing : The Mission Of Caring For And Visiting The Sick Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesFaith Based Nursing The early church took on the task of caring for and visiting the sick. A very important part of the church’s ministry from the beginning, has been healing and spiritual counseling. Parish Nursing began with the early work of deaconesses and other religious sisters who worked in parishes to provide whole person health promotion with an emphasis on spiritual care. The contemporary side of Parish Nursing was conceptualized by Reverend Granger Westberg as a result of his work

Community Health in the Event of a Sars Outbreak Essay

Community Health in the Event of a SARS Outbreak The SARS Outbreak of 2003 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, originally reported in Asia in February 2003 and spread to over two dozen countries before being contained (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005). Once infected, individuals with SARS initially develop a high fever and other flu-like symptoms including headache, body aches and â€Å"overall feeling of discomfort† before, in most cases, progressing to pneumonia (CDC, 2005). The disease was first diagnosed in a middle-aged man who had flown from China to Hong Kong. A few days after the announcement of the disease, rumors and panic began to spread, causing†¦show more content†¦14). Routes of Transmission In the laboratory setting, the virus was found in respiratory droplets, feces, saliva, tears and urine (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). SARS is primarily spread through close, personal contact, such as kissing, hugging, eating or drinking, as well as being within 3 feet of a person who coughs or sneezes while infected and shedding the virus. These activities allow the respiratory droplets shed during these activities to come in contact with mucous membranes found in the eyes, nose and mouth (Kutsar, 2004). Other modes of transmission include aerosolizing procedures in hospital settings and contamination of surfaces in â€Å"healthcare facilities, households and other closed environments† (Kutsar, 2004, para. 12). There has been no confirmation of fecal-oral transmission or of transmission via water or food; however, over one-third of the earliest cases in China were among food handlers (Kutsar, 2004). Finally, there is a possibility of animal vector transmission, as discussed in regard s to the Hong Kong’s Amoy Gardens (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). Effect of Outbreak on Community The SARS outbreak caused major effects on the communities affected. Based on the 2003 outbreak, one can assume similar issues would develop should the disease recur. The biggest impact to communities affected would be the strain on the healthcare system. Since SARS is a largely respiratory disease, it can cause very serious problems in the patients infected, requiringShow MoreRelatedOutlasting the SARS Epidemic1145 Words   |  5 Pagesknown to man as SARS in short. Sharing with us the three-letter acronym (SAR) which was given to us by our leaders in China, this ordeal has left its mark on our city in more ways than one. It had caused a widespread wave of mysophobia and health consciousness among the Hong Kong people, which outlasted the SARS epidemic but is probably slowly waning. It has also raised the awareness of the government of the importance of the control of infectious diseases, both in the community and in the clinicalRead MoreIs Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ( Ehv )?1471 Wo rds   |  6 Pageswell as through human to human interaction. To be specific, contact with bodily fluids (such as blood, urine and feces) is required for transmission (World Health Organization (WHO) Media Centre, 2014). The average fatality rate of EHV through history has been roughly 50%, but it varies greatly from outbreak to outbreak. In this most recent outbreak, there have been 4033 deaths out of 4656 laboratory confirmed cases, for a fatality rate of 86.6%. This includes 2 cases in the United States (US), one ofRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Measles, Mumps, And Rubella1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdirect contact with the saliva of an infected person Incubation period: can range from 12-25 days but is usually 16-18 days Infectious period: ranges from 1 week to 9 days after the onset of parotitis Notification: To the local medical officer of health Prevention method: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. And cases should be excluded from early childhood services or school until 9 days after the onset of parotitis. Any unimmunised contacts should be advised not to attend early childhoodRead MoreStigma And The Practice Of Isolation And Quarantine Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pagesand Quarantine When quarantined for a disease that one might not have, several events occur: stigma [the way the quarantined person feels and how others feel, act, and react towards the post-quarantined individual] and psychosocial effects, such as mental health issues, for example, stress, fear, loneliness, boredom, anger, and being worried about infecting others (Johal, 2009). Those that worked in Canada during a SARS episode found that there was tension and friction between staff members as theyRead MoreOutline And References Of Disease Surveillance Essay3488 Words   |  14 Pagesplays a vital role in Notifiable Disease Surveillance. The Health Intelligence Team at ESR prepare annual and monthly reports of the statistics for notifiable and other infectious diseases as part of a Ministry of Health contract for scientific services. (ESR, 2015). This Service gives national access to increasing or decreasing trends among the geographical areas and allows for a National database notified by the su pporting District Health Boards. ESR undertakes disease surveillance to estimate theRead More Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Taiwan2041 Words   |  9 PagesMarch 2003, the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), so far the most lethal infectious disease in this century, hit the world, including Taiwan. The unfortunate pandemic shattered Taiwan’s tourism industry and the nation’s image of a safe tourism destination region, thus affecting Taiwan’s economy. The Taiwanese government, as well as others that were affected, placed restrictions of varying stringency on domestic and international travel due to the cases of SARS. Therefore, precautionsRead More The Truth About SARS Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth About SARS People in general are both fascinated and paranoid of the onset of new infectious diseases. While films such as Outbreak are smash hits at the box office, when an actual disease becomes apparent people often react with a kind of mass hysteria. Last year, a new illness reared its evil head. While the name SARS has become fairly well-known, the actual facts behind the illness are not as widely talked about. SARS is an acronym for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. TheRead MoreTechnology in Healthcare805 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen individuals that have collected and used data to improve the health of communities. With the advent of computers there has been a greater development of how this data on disease outbreaks are tracked and handled. The use of information technology in healthcare has created faster tracking and monitoring systems used to study emerging disease outbreaks such as SARS, influenza, HIV and even bioterroism attacks. In a way public health informatics has been around since before the creation of computersRead MoreThe Plague Of Plagues : Smallpox2151 Words   |  9 Pagesafter achieving the eradication of small pox in nature, new pathogens like SARs, AIDS/HIV, and Ebola appeared. These newly emerging pathogens are being accompanied by pathogens that were though long gone such as cholera and tuberculosis. If anything the increased connectivity of the world through modern modes of transportation has made the possibility of a widespread epidemic very possible. When looking back at major outbreaks that occurred in the past, specifically the plague of 1665, it becomes apparentRead MoreThe Effects Of Cyber Attacks On The Public Health1831 Words   |  8 Pagesexponential increase in the number, complexity and sophistication of malicious software. The rate of occurrence of cyber-attacks, the lighting fast speed of dissemination, and the economic impact requires same level of attention and response as a pandemic health crisis. The technical solutions are addressing these serious concerns on the technological side but they do little to reduce or eliminate cyber-attacks from occurring in the first place. Also, they are more likely to be viewed as fun challenges

Minimum Pricing of Alcohol Report free essay sample

In 2009 â€Å"Changing Scotland’s Relationship with Alcohol: A Framework for Action† was published by the Scottish Government outlining the ways in which it hoped to combat the various health and social problems which exist as a result of the attitudes towards alcohol in Scotland today, highlighting â€Å"the need to take action to rebalance Scotland’s relationship with alcohol†¦to maximise our potential as individuals, families, communities, and as a country† (Scottish Government, 2009, p. ). Amongst the many recommendations of how this can be achieved, introducing a minimum price for the sale of alcohol was one which it was proposed should be enshrined in law; consequently, The Alcohol Minimum Pricing (Scotland) Act (2012) was passed by the Scottish Parliament. The aim of this report is to assess how this legislation will impact upon young people in Scotland and their attitudes towards alcohol. It is intended this end shall be met through examining current relevant research, considering comparative international studies, and with reference to an interview (Appendix 1) with a senior manager from a community based project designed to engage with this issue (in order to adhere to recognised ethical practice and confidentiality the interviewee will remain anonymous, but has given full consent to allow all comments and remarks to be used in reference to the topic being discussed as part of this report). It is hoped the most significant effect of this measure of control will be reduced alcohol consumption. It has long been known how damaging excessive use or misuse of alcohol can be to a person’s health, however, as outlined within the aforementioned Scottish Government framework, it is necessary to tackle the wider social issues also. The â€Å"Independent Review of the Effects of Alcohol Pricing and Promotion†, a study by the School of Health and Related Research at the University of Sheffield (ScHARR), outlined the positive impact such a policy can have upon those issues directly associated with excessive and irresponsible alcohol consumption. It determined there is a correlation between price increases and demand for alcohol, establishing increased pricing directly corresponds to a reduction in harm from alcohol misuse. Significantly, it also found that the availability of cheap alcohol is particularly attractive to harmful drinkers and young people (Booth et al, 2008). Effects of Alcohol Misuse Since 1980 alcohol has become 70% more affordable contributing to a rise in consumption of 19% in the last twenty years (Scottish Government, 2009). It is calculated that around 50% of men and 30% of women throughout Scotland regularly exceed recommended weekly guidelines for the amount of alcohol which should be consumed, outlined by the Chief Medical Officer as 21 units and 14 units of alcohol respectively (Scottish Government, 2009). This has resulted in almost 40,000 hospital discharges related directly to injuries and illnesses associated with alcohol in 2009-10, as well as doubling the alcohol associated mortality rate since the end of the 1980’s (NHS Scotland, 2010). The consequences for the health of the population as a result of the culture of drinking in Scotland today may worsen, as indicated by a study carried out by the journal Paediatrics. Across six European countries including Scotland this study undertook to discover how young people were influenced by their exposure to alcohol in movies, and indicated around 35 % of children in Scotland had â€Å"binge† drank at least once by the age of 13 (for the purposes of the study binge drinking equalled five drinks or more in one session). These were the second-highest figures of any country involved, and particularly concerning when compared to Iceland which returned a figure of 6%. The implications for the future health and economic costs for the people of Scotland are understandably worrying (Hanewinkel et al, 2011). The SALSUS (Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey) Report of 2010 (Black et al, 2010) was a survey of 13 and 15 year olds and their habits involving smoking, alcohol and drugs. Completed by over 37,000 school pupils, it helped identify current habits of young people in relation to alcohol. The survey discovered that 76% of 15 year olds had been drunk at least once and 20% regularly drank once a week. It should be noted that this figure had decreased from 26% when the same survey had been completed in 2008, with aggregated information pointing to an identifiable reduction in certain trends and the frequency of drinking amongst both age groups since peaking in 2002. Nonetheless, this should not suggest that the rates of alcohol consumption amongst teenagers should not continue to be a concern. Of those 15 year olds who had ever had a drink the survey found 34% had an argument as a result of their drinking and 19% had been in trouble with the police. Additionally, alcohol consumption levels amongst participants indicated a correlation between areas of deprivation and family structure and stability, as well as family attitudes to alcohol. Seemingly all the indicators signify that a culture of drinking has been inherited by Scotland’s children, with the associated problems certain to follow (Black et al, 2010). Minimum Pricing In order to determine what impact minimum pricing legislation will have on the culture and habits of drinking in Scotland it is worthwhile examining the effects of similar strategies which have taken place elsewhere. The American Journal of Public Health published a study by the Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia which looked into the effects of minimum pricing of alcohol in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Their experience indicated that as little as a 10% increase in minimum prices could have a significant impact on drinking trends (Stockwell et al, 2010). Through analysis of data supplied by the government of British Columbia as part of an observational study measuring alcohol sales and prices over twenty years, then correlating this with additional local economic factors, the study ultimately found that a substantial reduction in alcohol consumption was the outcome of implementing pricing controls. How does this parallel between an increase in price and reduction in consumption translate when applied specifically to young people in Scotland? It is possible to gain an understanding of what the impact may be from the experience of those directly involved in services aimed at challenging the culture of alcohol misuse amongst young people. One such service is Liber8 Lanarkshire, a project with that specific endeavour as its core focus, providing intervention for those young people who have developed, or are developing, a dangerous relationship with alcohol, as well as promoting an alternative and healthy lifestyle model for any young people they work with. Based in Viewpark in North Lanarkshire, it provides information and education about the dangers and harm associated with alcohol. However, Liber8’s primary function is to carry out street-based interventionist strategies to engage with local young people in order to interact with the youth community and understand their attitudes towards alcohol. They offer alternative activities such as sports and games that those teenagers they encounter might not have access to, and attempt to help introduce young people to a variety of substitutes to drinking. One senior manager within the project has seen great progress made by this local service since its inception in 2006, through developing a relationship of trust with the young people in the area as well as creating awareness of the issues they face as a result of the many problems surrounding alcohol. When asked how they felt the minimum pricing strategy would impact upon local teenagers it was their opinion that it may have little effect, stating: â€Å"It is true that there is a preference for cheaper drinks like cider and alcopops (sic) amongst the local kids, but whatever money they tend to have is all disposable income. They don’t have much else to spend their money on, so unless you make those drinks particularly expensive they will still probably be able to afford it†, adding, â€Å"It is currently possible to purchase your weekly recommended amount of alcohol units for less than ? 4†. They believe there is little chance any price control that does not significantly increase the cost of drinking for young people (the proposed minimum price of 50p per unit would ensure a two-litre bottle of supermarket own brand cider retails at ? 4. 20) will alone have any profound effect on this culture of alcohol misuse. Although they do recognise and endorse the merits of such controls, acknowledging the benefits if implemented as part of a wider series of complimentary strategies. Alternative and Complimentary Strategies If the attitudes towards alcohol amongst young people in Scotland today are to be altered what additional strategies are available to achieve this? Along with Getting It Right for Every Child (GiRFEC), the recommendations outlined in â€Å"Changing Scotland’s Relationship with Alcohol: A Framework for Action† include far wider-ranging proposals than simply legislation. It was recognised that working in conjunction with agencies both nationally and locally to improve alcohol misuse education in Scottish schools is imperative as the first stage of preventative strategies and intervention against this problem. Through this measure children can be encouraged to make positive lifestyle choices by learning the facts and developing educated attitudes towards the issue in question. GiRFEC outlines that all children should be â€Å"safe, healthy, achieving, nurtured, active, respected, responsible and included† (Scottish Government, 2012) and if they are exposed to the dangers and effects of alcohol then clearly this is not the case. In addition, it is identified as necessary to support and develop new and varied opportunities for children in the areas of arts, sports and culture that will encourage physical and personal growth and development. It is anticipated that these initiatives, introduced at an early age, will increase the probability of positive outcomes and lifestyle choices for those children in the future (Scottish Government, 2009). Not all proposals outlined within the framework present clear and distinct strategies for intervention, such as the notion that youth workers, or those who work closely with young people, should be able to identify unhealthy patterns of behaviour related to alcohol misuse and intervene wherever necessary. Although desirable that this should be the case, it is unlikely that without designated formal training or identifiable support networks to empower workers in such situations will it be possible to achieve this. The findings of two linked research reviews by the Department of Psychology at the University of Bath, published as one report by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, â€Å"Children, Young People and Alcohol: How They Learn and How to Prevent Excessive Use†, indicates family influence is of significant importance in developing and informing young peoples’ attitudes. It highlights secure family structures and processes, such as regularly eating together, are shown to have a positive effect on young people’s attitudes and relationship with alcohol. Interventions based around the family are most successful, although interventions based around altering peer influence can work also. This report suggests a number of strategies which together could form â€Å"an integrated, planned and implemented community prevention system† and these include: educational and school programmes; parental education and training; stringent enforcement of the laws pertaining to the purchasing of alcohol by underage persons; and, crucially, the implementation of policy to change and control the price and availability of alcohol (Velleman, 2009). These conclusions reinforce the approach and strategies laid out within the Scottish Government’s framework. The Scottish Youth Commission on Alcohol (implemented as part of the framework) was challenged by Scottish Ministers with identifying suitable proposals for policy change in relation to these issues. Their report outlined forty recommendations relating to accessibility and availability, as well as the advertising and marketing, of alcohol; and also proposed structures for educational awareness, emotional support and personal safety all in relation to young people’s relationship with alcohol (The Scottish Youth Commission on Alcohol, 2009). Conclusion With consideration of the information outlined and discussed throughout this report it is apparent the issues surrounding young people and alcohol in Scotland today are both extensive and complex. The introduction of The Alcohol Minimum Pricing (Scotland) Act (2012) is almost certain to have an impact on Scottish society and the attitudes and habits of drinking therein, however in order to eliminate the many associated issues, particularly involving young people and teenagers, it is necessary to provide wide reaching and varied forms of education and intervention as well as legislative controls on pricing and marketing. Most significantly it would appear that challenging the relationship with alcohol that is developed by the time a person reaches adolescence is too late and must take place from an earlier age. The influence of family on attitudes of young people has been identified as being as important as that of peers, and as we have seen that influence can be linked to deprivation, poverty and family instability; and as those issues continue to be challenged there will no doubt be an improvement in alcohol related problems. Reducing consumption of alcohol by increasing price is one step in the right direction and in the long term will have a significant impact upon the associated health and social issues. However, how long that may take is unknown, and for now it will remain just a hope that in Scotland the generation emerging today will have a healthier relationship with alcohol tomorrow. (Word count: 2200) References Scottish Government (2009). Changing Scotland’s Relationship With Alcohol: A Framework for Action. Retrieved from: www. scotland. gov. k/Topics/Health/Services/Alcohol/FrameworkforActionProgressReport Booth, A. et al. (2008). The Independent Review of the Effects of Alcohol Pricing and Promotion. Retrieved from: http://www. shef. ac. uk/polopoly_fs/1. 95624! /file/SummaryofEvidence. pdf Scottish Government (2009). Changing Scotland’s Relationship With Alcohol: A Framework for Action. Retrieved from: www. scotland. gov. uk/Topics/Health/Services/Alcohol/FrameworkforActionProg ressReport Scottish Government (2009). Changing Scotland’s Relationship With Alcohol: A Framework for Action. Retrieved from: www. scotland. gov. uk/Topics/Health/Services/Alcohol/FrameworkforActionProgressReport NHS Scotland (2011). Alcohol Statistics Scotland 2011. Retrieved from: http://www. alcoholinformation. isdscotland. org/alcohol_misuse/files/alcohol_stats_bulletin_2011_updated_110413. pdf Hanewinkel, r. et al (2011). Alcohol Consumption in Movies and Adolescent Binge Drinking in 6 European Countries. Retrieved from: Paediatrics: Official Journal of the American Academy of Paediatrics website: http://pediatrics. aappublications. rg/content/early/2012/02/29/peds. 2011-2809. full. pdf+html Black, C. et al. (2010). Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey (SALSUS) National Report. Retrieved from: http://www. drugmisuse. isdscotland. org/publications/local/SALSUS_2010. pdf Black, C. et al. (2010). Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey (SALSUS) National Report. Retrieved from: http://www. drugmisuse. isdscotland. org/publications/local/SALSU S_2010. pdf Stockwell, T. et al. (2010). Does Minimum Pricing Reduce Alcohol Consumption? The Experience of a Canadian Province. Retrieved from The American Journal of Public Health website: http://ajph. aphapublications. org/doi/abs/10. 2105/AJPH. 2012. 301094 Scottish Government (2012). A Guide to Getting it Right For Every Child. Retrieved from: http://www. scotland. gov. uk/Resource/0041/00411151. pdf Scottish Government (2009). Changing Scotland’s Relationship With Alcohol: A Framework for Action. Retrieved from: www. scotland. gov. uk/Topics/Health/Services/Alcohol/FrameworkforActionProgressReport Velleman, R. (2009). Children, Young People and Alcohol: How They Learn and How to Prevent Excessive Use. Retrieved from: http://www. jrf. org. uk/sites/files/jrf/children-and-alcohol-use. pdf The Scottish Youth Commission on Alcohol (2010). Report of Recommendations. Retrieved from: http://www. youngscot. net/media/12177/syca_recommendations. pdf Appendix 1 Interview Questions How long have you been involved with Liber8 and what is your background within project work or social services? In your opinion is there a problem relating to teenage alcohol misuse within the local community? What are the effects of this alcohol misuse within the community and local area? In your experience what are the causes or main contributory factors towards this issue? Do you think the issue has persisted, improved or worsened in the time you have been involved with Liber8? What interventions do Liber8 use in counteracting the effects of alcohol misuse amongst teenagers? How do local teenagers and young people find out about Liber8? What collaborative work, if any, do you undertake with other agencies or services? Are you familiar with similar projects throughout Scotland? If so, do you see