Leopard Seal Facts

Panther Seal Facts In the event that you get the chance to take an Antarctic journey, you might be sufficiently fortunate to see a panther seal in its normal natural surroundings. The panther seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) is an earless seal withâ leopard-spotted hide. Like its catlike namesake, the seal is an amazing predator high on the natural way of life. The main creature that chases panther seals is the executioner whale. Quick Facts: Leopard Seal Logical Name: Hydrurga leptonyxCommon Names: Leopard seal, ocean leopardBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 10-12 feetWeight: 800-1000 poundsLifespan: 12-15 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Sea around AntarcticaPopulation: 200,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Portrayal You may think the undeniable distinguishing highlight of the panther seal is its dark spotted coat. Be that as it may, numerous seals have spots. What sets the panther seal separated is its extended head and twisted body, to some degree taking after a hairy eel. The panther seal is earless, around 10 to 12 feet in length (females marginally bigger than guys), weighs somewhere in the range of 800 and 1000 pounds, and consistently is by all accounts grinning on the grounds that the edges of its mouth twist upward. The panther seal is huge, however littler than the elephant seal and walrus. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YmBvW1OWXUsAKSwQ0akFoDpgyQQ=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/panther sealgrinning598869098-e4be23f9885947de85a3aa16315aac64.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rVQIINXkDPVUsibeEhsguYncjcM=/998x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/panther sealgrinning598869098-e4be23f9885947de85a3aa16315aac64.jpg 998w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/9Hl9uq1IiTNB0471qN1NEL_5zsY=/1696x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/panther sealgrinning598869098-e4be23f9885947de85a3aa16315aac64.jpg 1696w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vbcjUA7ODGnzNI1pVSZgoxkqISg=/3093x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/panther sealgrinning598869098-e4be23f9885947de85a3aa16315aac64.jpg 3093w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YSnYHnFERATHoMkPzxtcWQhaJRM=/3093x2056/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/panther sealgrinning598869098-e4be23f9885947de85a3aa16315aac64.jpg src=//:0 alt=The mouth of the panther seal rotates toward the sky at the edges, taking after a grin. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-6 information following container=true /> The mouth of the panther seal rotates toward the sky at the edges, taking after a grin. Subside Johnson/Corbis/VCG/Getty Images Natural surroundings and Distribution Panther seals live in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters of the Ross Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, Weddell Sea, South Georgia, and Falkland Islands. Once in a while they are found along the southern shorelines of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The panther seals living space covers that of different seals. Diet <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rHGdjqd1WxY8ad4SC_lcscoukwc=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/adelie-penguin-glancing in-panther seal-s-mouth-518946030-5a2ed5947d4be80036b126a4.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/9zEIqUTZO2vMrw2oxZ3vFlHMqvU=/1725x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/adelie-penguin-glancing in-panther seal-s-mouth-518946030-5a2ed5947d4be80036b126a4.jpg 1725w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/z_DC5M5zJj_Jw4dFaTFKDbr7mks=/3150x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/adelie-penguin-glancing in-panther seal-s-mouth-518946030-5a2ed5947d4be80036b126a4.jpg 3150w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ppDSGDbhVB0RB8ghgs92Zoj4ctg=/6000x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/adelie-penguin-glancing in-panther seal-s-mouth-518946030-5a2ed5947d4be80036b126a4.jpg 6000w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QqO2E4VsCxpBsknf7S2jCbfLVRM=/6000x3992/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/adelie-penguin-glancing in-panther seal-s-mouth-518946030-5a2ed5947d4be80036b126a4.jpg src=//:0 alt=Leopard seals eat penguins. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-11 information following container=true /> Panther seals eat penguins.  © Tim Davis/Corbis/VCG/Getty Images The panther seal will eat pretty much some other creatures. Like different predatory warm blooded creatures, the seal has sharp front teeth and fearsome-looking inch-long canines. In any case, the seals molars lock together to make a sifter that permits it to channel krill from the water. Seal puppies principally eat krill, however once they figure out how to chase, they eat penguins, squid, shellfish, fish, and littler seals. They are the main seals that routinely chase warm-blooded prey. Leopard seals frequently hold up submerged and push themselves out of the water to grab their casualty. Researchers can break down a seals diet by looking at its bristles. Conduct Panther seals are known to act slyly with prey, regularly with youthful seals or penguins. They will pursue their prey until it either escapes or bites the dust, however wont essentially eat their execute. Researchers are unsure of the explanation behind this conduct, yet trust it might help sharpen chasing abilities or may essentially be for sport. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0w0qI59bJ8JCzVOPiN0KIjisFlg=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/grown-up panther sealhydrurga-leptonyxinspecting-the-camera-above-and-underneath water-at-damoy-pointantarcticapolar-districts 536221628-5a300cb789eacc0037c58bce.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Y9BzwLVM2sTGOYTFSlalvlgoto4=/869x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/grown-up panther sealhydrurga-leptonyxinspecting-the-camera-above-and-beneath water-at-damoy-pointantarcticapolar-areas 536221628-5a300cb789eacc0037c58bce.jpg 869w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/H3oA-ASFHAWxHk42fWioLeT_vvw=/1438x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/grown-up panther sealhydrurga-leptonyxinspecting-the-camera-above-and-beneath water-at-damoy-pointantarcticapolar-locales 536221628-5a300cb789eacc0037c58bce.jpg 1438w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/swpZsieG9oSU8YiMfDzZ6XqSQGA=/2576x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/grow n-up panther sealhydrurga-leptonyxinspecting-the-camera-above-and-beneath water-at-damoy-pointantarcticapolar-areas 536221628-5a300cb789eacc0037c58bce.jpg 2576w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/iYL-vKQy2f-JnZ4n1acP7qO3y3Q=/3865x2576/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/grown-up panther sealhydrurga-leptonyxinspecting-the-camera-above-and-underneath water-at-damoy-pointantarcticapolar-districts 536221628-5a300cb789eacc0037c58bce.jpg src=//:0 alt=Leopard seal guys hang under the ice when they sing. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-17 information following container=true /> Panther seal guys hang under the ice when they sing. Michael Nolan/Getty Images During the austral summer, male panther seals sing (uproariously) submerged for quite a long time every day. A singing seal hangs topsy turvy, with a twisted neck and throbbing expanded chests, shaking from side to side. Every male has an unmistakable call, in spite of the fact that the calls change contingent upon the seals age. Singing corresponds with the reproducing season. Hostage females have been known to sing when regenerative hormone levels are raised. Generation and Offspring While a few sorts of seals live in gatherings, the panther seal is single. Exemptions incorporate mother and little guy sets and transitory mating sets. Seals mate in summer and conceive an offspring following 11 months incubation to a solitary puppy. During childbirth, the puppy weighs around 66 pounds. The puppy is weaned on the ice for about a month. Females become full grown between ages three and seven. Guys develop somewhat later, commonly between ages six and seven. Panther seals live quite a while for a seal, somewhat in light of the fact that they have hardly any predators. While the normal life expectancy is 12 to 15 years, itsâ not unprecedented for a wild panther seal to live 26 years. Protection Status As indicated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), researchers once accepted there might be more than 200,000 panther seals. Ecological changes have drastically influenced species the seals eat, so this number is likely off base. The panther seal isn't jeopardized. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) records it as a types of least concern. Panther Seals and Humans Panther seals are profoundly risky predators. While assaults of people are uncommon, instances of animosity, following, and fatalities have been archived. Panther seals are known to assault the dark barges of inflatable pontoons, representing a roundabout hazard to individuals. Nonetheless, not all experiences with people are savage. At the point when National Geographic picture taker Paul Nicklen dove into Antarctic waters to watch a panther seal, the female seal he shot brought him harmed and dead penguins. Regardless of whether the seal was attempting to take care of the picture taker, instruct him to chase, or had different intentions is obscure. Sources Rogers, T. L.; Cato, D. H.; Bryden, M. M. Conduct importance of submerged vocalizations of hostage panther seals, Hydrurga leptonyx. Marine Mammal Science.â 12â (3): 414â€42, 1996.Rogers, T.L. Source levels of the submerged calls of a male panther seal. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.â 136â (4): 1495â€1498, 2014.Wilson, Don E. also, DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Species: Hydrurga leptonyx. Well evolved creature types of the world : an ordered and geographic reference (third ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet

William Shakespeare's work of art, The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, is around two sweethearts that are prohibited to be together and their answer. The composing style of this Shakespearean play uncovers the period of the play by featuring the social classes. Dexterously utilizing his composition, Shakespeare builds up his characters by suggesting the social classes of each character. Shakespeare utilizes language utilization and style to recommend the individual social standings. In the Renaissance Era, the partition of the social classes is conspicuous. The four principle social gatherings are the nobles, shippers, the working class, and workers (Dowling, â€Å"Renaissance Social Hierarchy†). At the top, the nobles have broad property, live in huge luxurious homes outside of the city, and are proprietors of huge organizations (Dowling, â€Å"Renaissance Social Hierarchy†). Since the nobles own the vast majority of the land, they have a great deal of intensity and will in general be military officials, counselors to sovereignty, and legislators (Dowling). Nobles are prepared to be warriors, to have social abilities, to move appropriately, and to convey themselves with a specific air about them (Dowling). Workers, then again, don't live in such extravagance. Their bosses didn't promise them work and their business status and check relied upon their exhibition in their obligations (Dowling). In spite of the hardships in a worker's life, the life of a laborer was far more terrible. All of society grimaced apon the workers. The detachment of social remaining during the Renaissance Era was self-evident. Language use between the various classes was very extraordinary. The individuals who are higher up in the social stepping stool have more training chances and therefore are progressively instructed. In Shakespeare's composition, the language use by each character assists with distinguishing the social arrangement of the character and build up the character. Romeo and Juliet frequently utilize an ironic expression or an absolute opposite when conversing with and about one another (â€Å"Bitesize†). † †¦ † (1.1.44â€69). Characters like Romeo and Juliet will in general talk in a measured rhyming clear refrain. Regular society or individuals that are viewed as workers will in general talk writing. † †¦ † (1.1.44â€69)

Use Middle School Expository Essay Sample

Use Middle School Expository Essay SampleMiddle school expository essay samples offer an exceptional approach to writing a comprehensive essay, in any subject. Expressive essays help students understand their world and learn to write compelling essays.You will find plenty of expository essay samples that teach you the basics of writing essays. This kind of writing requires some exercises and the use of some vocabulary. It is very important that you master some vocabulary so you can turn an expository essay into a more comprehensive one.The questions about an expository essay are usually brought to the reader by the author. There are some sample sentences, which will allow you to take advantage of these questions.Many sites offer samples of essays, in all subjects, but not all of them have written from the perspective of the writer, a middle school expository essay. These resources are great and will give you a good idea about what they are all about.Since most essays are used for cre dit, Middle School Expository Essay samples are not the same as the regular essay. But, if you will combine this type of essay with a regular essay, then it will be more thorough. This is not a hard science, but it is a great way to start to understand and appreciate the writing process.Expository essay samples do not need to be wordy and lengthy. You need to make sure that your content is simple and straightforward.The best way to create an expository essay is to look at articles or journals, if you don't have an original idea. Of course, the more you know about the topic, the better chance you have of coming up with an original idea. You also want to make sure that you do not say too much, so you don't distract the reader.You can find many samples of Middle School Expository Essay on the internet. Some sites will give you hints and advice, so you can come up with a unique expository essay.

MBA Applicant Blogger Interview with Priyank

We’d like to introduce you to Priyank, an MBA applicant, risk management consultant in NYC, and author of the blog Writing in Transit. Thank you Priyank for sharing your admissions experience with us, and best of luck to you! Accepted: First, wed like to get to know you. Where are you from? Where and what did you study as an undergrad? What is your current job and where do you live? Priyank: Hi, my name is Priyank. I am originally from India but I completed both high school and undergrad in Florida (University of Florida Go Gators!). Since undergrad I have been working in the consulting industry, first as a business analyst in technology consulting, and now as a risk management consultant. I recently moved to New York after travelling to the city for work every week for about  two years. Accepted: Can you tell us about your blog? Why did you start blogging? What do you hope to gain from the experience? Priyank: I used to blog about trading and investing during my undergraduate years. But when I started working I was short on time and long on trading restrictions imposed by my clients. So I stopped that blog, but I have always enjoyed writing and knew I always wanted to start another one. When I seriously started considering an MBA, I started following some of the blogs by other students and applicants and was inspired to start one about my own MBA application experience. My blog is fairly new and is still taking on a defined personality, but right now most of my posts focus on my MBA journey. I have also written about some of my consulting experiences. Unlike swimming, writing is not a skill that stays with you forever. I hope that writing consistently for a few months leading up to my applications will help me refine my skill. I have also become a more reflective person as writing forces one to organize thoughts and put things in perspective. Finally, as I said, I enjoy writing – I find it to be relaxing and it is always good to see new visitors who [hopefully] enjoy my writing. Accepted: What stage of the application process are you up to?   Priyank: Just finished the GMAT and now starting the essays. Accepted: What has been the most challenging aspect of the MBA admissions process so far? What have you done to approach and overcome that challenge? Priyank: I am still in the early stages of the application so I have not had too many challenges so far. Now that I am starting to look at essays, resumes, etc. I can tell that it will be hard to keep my creative juices flowing after putting in a full days work. I tried writing my first essay draft yesterday and after about half an hour all I got was I sat. But, as with anything worth doing, the application will require focused, undivided attention. This can be challenge while working, sometimes around the clock, and while balancing personal life. Accepted: Where do you plan on applying?   Priyank: I was lucky to get a good GMAT score, so I have the top schools in my sight. I am looking for schools that have a strong focus in entrepreneurship and social enterprise. I would also love to stay in New York. Given that criteria, I will likely be applying to HBS, Stanford GSB, MIT Sloan, and perhaps Columbia and NYU. I am still doing research however, and Yale, Babson, Booth, and Wharton are all possible application recipients. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Accepted: Do you plan on staying in the same industry post-MBA or switching to a new field? Priyank: It is possible I end up back in consulting, but I definitely want to switch my focus to non-profit / social enterprise  consulting. I may also try to work in a start-up. I wrote a detailed post about this on my blog, and you can read all about it at  http://writingintransit.wordpress.com/2013/05/23/why-get-an-mba-the-post-mba-plan/. Do you want to be featured in Accepted.coms blog, Accepted Admissions Blog? If you want to share your MBA/EMBA journey with the world (or at least with our readers), email us at mbabloggers@accepted.com. //

Community Based Health Promotion Programs - 1957 Words

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Health promotion programs need to make it possible for the community to support healthy behaviors. To d o this successfully, the community and its leadership must be mobilized to provide community-based health promotion programs. Project Title Community Based Health Promotion - Its viability, cost-effectiveness and its impact on the community. This particular project is designed to assess the effectiveness Community Based Health Promotion on the Geriatric population and utilized Senior Fitness Test for baseline measures. Significance and InnovationShow MoreRelatedBSHE 500 Take Home Exam 1 Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesclass as providing many possible avenues for research and program implementation.   Using the required readings and lectures, write about the pros and cons of a social ecological framework for understanding health behaviors and designing health promotion programs. Your analysis should lead to a conclusion about the framework. 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Community Health in the Event of a Sars Outbreak Essay

Community Health in the Event of a SARS Outbreak The SARS Outbreak of 2003 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, originally reported in Asia in February 2003 and spread to over two dozen countries before being contained (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005). Once infected, individuals with SARS initially develop a high fever and other flu-like symptoms including headache, body aches and â€Å"overall feeling of discomfort† before, in most cases, progressing to pneumonia (CDC, 2005). The disease was first diagnosed in a middle-aged man who had flown from China to Hong Kong. A few days after the announcement of the disease, rumors and panic began to spread, causing†¦show more content†¦14). Routes of Transmission In the laboratory setting, the virus was found in respiratory droplets, feces, saliva, tears and urine (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). SARS is primarily spread through close, personal contact, such as kissing, hugging, eating or drinking, as well as being within 3 feet of a person who coughs or sneezes while infected and shedding the virus. These activities allow the respiratory droplets shed during these activities to come in contact with mucous membranes found in the eyes, nose and mouth (Kutsar, 2004). Other modes of transmission include aerosolizing procedures in hospital settings and contamination of surfaces in â€Å"healthcare facilities, households and other closed environments† (Kutsar, 2004, para. 12). There has been no confirmation of fecal-oral transmission or of transmission via water or food; however, over one-third of the earliest cases in China were among food handlers (Kutsar, 2004). Finally, there is a possibility of animal vector transmission, as discussed in regard s to the Hong Kong’s Amoy Gardens (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). 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When looking back at major outbreaks that occurred in the past, specifically the plague of 1665, it becomes apparentRead MoreThe Effects Of Cyber Attacks On The Public Health1831 Words   |  8 Pagesexponential increase in the number, complexity and sophistication of malicious software. The rate of occurrence of cyber-attacks, the lighting fast speed of dissemination, and the economic impact requires same level of attention and response as a pandemic health crisis. The technical solutions are addressing these serious concerns on the technological side but they do little to reduce or eliminate cyber-attacks from occurring in the first place. Also, they are more likely to be viewed as fun challenges

Minimum Pricing of Alcohol Report free essay sample

In 2009 â€Å"Changing Scotland’s Relationship with Alcohol: A Framework for Action† was published by the Scottish Government outlining the ways in which it hoped to combat the various health and social problems which exist as a result of the attitudes towards alcohol in Scotland today, highlighting â€Å"the need to take action to rebalance Scotland’s relationship with alcohol†¦to maximise our potential as individuals, families, communities, and as a country† (Scottish Government, 2009, p. ). Amongst the many recommendations of how this can be achieved, introducing a minimum price for the sale of alcohol was one which it was proposed should be enshrined in law; consequently, The Alcohol Minimum Pricing (Scotland) Act (2012) was passed by the Scottish Parliament. The aim of this report is to assess how this legislation will impact upon young people in Scotland and their attitudes towards alcohol. It is intended this end shall be met through examining current relevant research, considering comparative international studies, and with reference to an interview (Appendix 1) with a senior manager from a community based project designed to engage with this issue (in order to adhere to recognised ethical practice and confidentiality the interviewee will remain anonymous, but has given full consent to allow all comments and remarks to be used in reference to the topic being discussed as part of this report). It is hoped the most significant effect of this measure of control will be reduced alcohol consumption. It has long been known how damaging excessive use or misuse of alcohol can be to a person’s health, however, as outlined within the aforementioned Scottish Government framework, it is necessary to tackle the wider social issues also. The â€Å"Independent Review of the Effects of Alcohol Pricing and Promotion†, a study by the School of Health and Related Research at the University of Sheffield (ScHARR), outlined the positive impact such a policy can have upon those issues directly associated with excessive and irresponsible alcohol consumption. It determined there is a correlation between price increases and demand for alcohol, establishing increased pricing directly corresponds to a reduction in harm from alcohol misuse. Significantly, it also found that the availability of cheap alcohol is particularly attractive to harmful drinkers and young people (Booth et al, 2008). Effects of Alcohol Misuse Since 1980 alcohol has become 70% more affordable contributing to a rise in consumption of 19% in the last twenty years (Scottish Government, 2009). It is calculated that around 50% of men and 30% of women throughout Scotland regularly exceed recommended weekly guidelines for the amount of alcohol which should be consumed, outlined by the Chief Medical Officer as 21 units and 14 units of alcohol respectively (Scottish Government, 2009). This has resulted in almost 40,000 hospital discharges related directly to injuries and illnesses associated with alcohol in 2009-10, as well as doubling the alcohol associated mortality rate since the end of the 1980’s (NHS Scotland, 2010). The consequences for the health of the population as a result of the culture of drinking in Scotland today may worsen, as indicated by a study carried out by the journal Paediatrics. Across six European countries including Scotland this study undertook to discover how young people were influenced by their exposure to alcohol in movies, and indicated around 35 % of children in Scotland had â€Å"binge† drank at least once by the age of 13 (for the purposes of the study binge drinking equalled five drinks or more in one session). These were the second-highest figures of any country involved, and particularly concerning when compared to Iceland which returned a figure of 6%. The implications for the future health and economic costs for the people of Scotland are understandably worrying (Hanewinkel et al, 2011). The SALSUS (Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey) Report of 2010 (Black et al, 2010) was a survey of 13 and 15 year olds and their habits involving smoking, alcohol and drugs. Completed by over 37,000 school pupils, it helped identify current habits of young people in relation to alcohol. The survey discovered that 76% of 15 year olds had been drunk at least once and 20% regularly drank once a week. It should be noted that this figure had decreased from 26% when the same survey had been completed in 2008, with aggregated information pointing to an identifiable reduction in certain trends and the frequency of drinking amongst both age groups since peaking in 2002. Nonetheless, this should not suggest that the rates of alcohol consumption amongst teenagers should not continue to be a concern. Of those 15 year olds who had ever had a drink the survey found 34% had an argument as a result of their drinking and 19% had been in trouble with the police. Additionally, alcohol consumption levels amongst participants indicated a correlation between areas of deprivation and family structure and stability, as well as family attitudes to alcohol. Seemingly all the indicators signify that a culture of drinking has been inherited by Scotland’s children, with the associated problems certain to follow (Black et al, 2010). Minimum Pricing In order to determine what impact minimum pricing legislation will have on the culture and habits of drinking in Scotland it is worthwhile examining the effects of similar strategies which have taken place elsewhere. The American Journal of Public Health published a study by the Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia which looked into the effects of minimum pricing of alcohol in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Their experience indicated that as little as a 10% increase in minimum prices could have a significant impact on drinking trends (Stockwell et al, 2010). Through analysis of data supplied by the government of British Columbia as part of an observational study measuring alcohol sales and prices over twenty years, then correlating this with additional local economic factors, the study ultimately found that a substantial reduction in alcohol consumption was the outcome of implementing pricing controls. How does this parallel between an increase in price and reduction in consumption translate when applied specifically to young people in Scotland? It is possible to gain an understanding of what the impact may be from the experience of those directly involved in services aimed at challenging the culture of alcohol misuse amongst young people. One such service is Liber8 Lanarkshire, a project with that specific endeavour as its core focus, providing intervention for those young people who have developed, or are developing, a dangerous relationship with alcohol, as well as promoting an alternative and healthy lifestyle model for any young people they work with. Based in Viewpark in North Lanarkshire, it provides information and education about the dangers and harm associated with alcohol. However, Liber8’s primary function is to carry out street-based interventionist strategies to engage with local young people in order to interact with the youth community and understand their attitudes towards alcohol. They offer alternative activities such as sports and games that those teenagers they encounter might not have access to, and attempt to help introduce young people to a variety of substitutes to drinking. One senior manager within the project has seen great progress made by this local service since its inception in 2006, through developing a relationship of trust with the young people in the area as well as creating awareness of the issues they face as a result of the many problems surrounding alcohol. When asked how they felt the minimum pricing strategy would impact upon local teenagers it was their opinion that it may have little effect, stating: â€Å"It is true that there is a preference for cheaper drinks like cider and alcopops (sic) amongst the local kids, but whatever money they tend to have is all disposable income. They don’t have much else to spend their money on, so unless you make those drinks particularly expensive they will still probably be able to afford it†, adding, â€Å"It is currently possible to purchase your weekly recommended amount of alcohol units for less than ? 4†. They believe there is little chance any price control that does not significantly increase the cost of drinking for young people (the proposed minimum price of 50p per unit would ensure a two-litre bottle of supermarket own brand cider retails at ? 4. 20) will alone have any profound effect on this culture of alcohol misuse. Although they do recognise and endorse the merits of such controls, acknowledging the benefits if implemented as part of a wider series of complimentary strategies. Alternative and Complimentary Strategies If the attitudes towards alcohol amongst young people in Scotland today are to be altered what additional strategies are available to achieve this? Along with Getting It Right for Every Child (GiRFEC), the recommendations outlined in â€Å"Changing Scotland’s Relationship with Alcohol: A Framework for Action† include far wider-ranging proposals than simply legislation. It was recognised that working in conjunction with agencies both nationally and locally to improve alcohol misuse education in Scottish schools is imperative as the first stage of preventative strategies and intervention against this problem. Through this measure children can be encouraged to make positive lifestyle choices by learning the facts and developing educated attitudes towards the issue in question. GiRFEC outlines that all children should be â€Å"safe, healthy, achieving, nurtured, active, respected, responsible and included† (Scottish Government, 2012) and if they are exposed to the dangers and effects of alcohol then clearly this is not the case. In addition, it is identified as necessary to support and develop new and varied opportunities for children in the areas of arts, sports and culture that will encourage physical and personal growth and development. It is anticipated that these initiatives, introduced at an early age, will increase the probability of positive outcomes and lifestyle choices for those children in the future (Scottish Government, 2009). Not all proposals outlined within the framework present clear and distinct strategies for intervention, such as the notion that youth workers, or those who work closely with young people, should be able to identify unhealthy patterns of behaviour related to alcohol misuse and intervene wherever necessary. Although desirable that this should be the case, it is unlikely that without designated formal training or identifiable support networks to empower workers in such situations will it be possible to achieve this. The findings of two linked research reviews by the Department of Psychology at the University of Bath, published as one report by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, â€Å"Children, Young People and Alcohol: How They Learn and How to Prevent Excessive Use†, indicates family influence is of significant importance in developing and informing young peoples’ attitudes. It highlights secure family structures and processes, such as regularly eating together, are shown to have a positive effect on young people’s attitudes and relationship with alcohol. Interventions based around the family are most successful, although interventions based around altering peer influence can work also. This report suggests a number of strategies which together could form â€Å"an integrated, planned and implemented community prevention system† and these include: educational and school programmes; parental education and training; stringent enforcement of the laws pertaining to the purchasing of alcohol by underage persons; and, crucially, the implementation of policy to change and control the price and availability of alcohol (Velleman, 2009). These conclusions reinforce the approach and strategies laid out within the Scottish Government’s framework. The Scottish Youth Commission on Alcohol (implemented as part of the framework) was challenged by Scottish Ministers with identifying suitable proposals for policy change in relation to these issues. Their report outlined forty recommendations relating to accessibility and availability, as well as the advertising and marketing, of alcohol; and also proposed structures for educational awareness, emotional support and personal safety all in relation to young people’s relationship with alcohol (The Scottish Youth Commission on Alcohol, 2009). Conclusion With consideration of the information outlined and discussed throughout this report it is apparent the issues surrounding young people and alcohol in Scotland today are both extensive and complex. The introduction of The Alcohol Minimum Pricing (Scotland) Act (2012) is almost certain to have an impact on Scottish society and the attitudes and habits of drinking therein, however in order to eliminate the many associated issues, particularly involving young people and teenagers, it is necessary to provide wide reaching and varied forms of education and intervention as well as legislative controls on pricing and marketing. Most significantly it would appear that challenging the relationship with alcohol that is developed by the time a person reaches adolescence is too late and must take place from an earlier age. The influence of family on attitudes of young people has been identified as being as important as that of peers, and as we have seen that influence can be linked to deprivation, poverty and family instability; and as those issues continue to be challenged there will no doubt be an improvement in alcohol related problems. Reducing consumption of alcohol by increasing price is one step in the right direction and in the long term will have a significant impact upon the associated health and social issues. However, how long that may take is unknown, and for now it will remain just a hope that in Scotland the generation emerging today will have a healthier relationship with alcohol tomorrow. (Word count: 2200) References Scottish Government (2009). Changing Scotland’s Relationship With Alcohol: A Framework for Action. Retrieved from: www. scotland. gov. k/Topics/Health/Services/Alcohol/FrameworkforActionProgressReport Booth, A. et al. (2008). The Independent Review of the Effects of Alcohol Pricing and Promotion. Retrieved from: http://www. shef. ac. uk/polopoly_fs/1. 95624! /file/SummaryofEvidence. pdf Scottish Government (2009). Changing Scotland’s Relationship With Alcohol: A Framework for Action. Retrieved from: www. scotland. gov. uk/Topics/Health/Services/Alcohol/FrameworkforActionProg ressReport Scottish Government (2009). Changing Scotland’s Relationship With Alcohol: A Framework for Action. Retrieved from: www. scotland. gov. uk/Topics/Health/Services/Alcohol/FrameworkforActionProgressReport NHS Scotland (2011). Alcohol Statistics Scotland 2011. Retrieved from: http://www. alcoholinformation. isdscotland. org/alcohol_misuse/files/alcohol_stats_bulletin_2011_updated_110413. pdf Hanewinkel, r. et al (2011). Alcohol Consumption in Movies and Adolescent Binge Drinking in 6 European Countries. Retrieved from: Paediatrics: Official Journal of the American Academy of Paediatrics website: http://pediatrics. aappublications. rg/content/early/2012/02/29/peds. 2011-2809. full. pdf+html Black, C. et al. (2010). Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey (SALSUS) National Report. Retrieved from: http://www. drugmisuse. isdscotland. org/publications/local/SALSUS_2010. pdf Black, C. et al. (2010). Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey (SALSUS) National Report. Retrieved from: http://www. drugmisuse. isdscotland. org/publications/local/SALSU S_2010. pdf Stockwell, T. et al. (2010). Does Minimum Pricing Reduce Alcohol Consumption? The Experience of a Canadian Province. Retrieved from The American Journal of Public Health website: http://ajph. aphapublications. org/doi/abs/10. 2105/AJPH. 2012. 301094 Scottish Government (2012). A Guide to Getting it Right For Every Child. Retrieved from: http://www. scotland. gov. uk/Resource/0041/00411151. pdf Scottish Government (2009). Changing Scotland’s Relationship With Alcohol: A Framework for Action. Retrieved from: www. scotland. gov. uk/Topics/Health/Services/Alcohol/FrameworkforActionProgressReport Velleman, R. (2009). Children, Young People and Alcohol: How They Learn and How to Prevent Excessive Use. Retrieved from: http://www. jrf. org. uk/sites/files/jrf/children-and-alcohol-use. pdf The Scottish Youth Commission on Alcohol (2010). Report of Recommendations. Retrieved from: http://www. youngscot. net/media/12177/syca_recommendations. pdf Appendix 1 Interview Questions How long have you been involved with Liber8 and what is your background within project work or social services? In your opinion is there a problem relating to teenage alcohol misuse within the local community? What are the effects of this alcohol misuse within the community and local area? In your experience what are the causes or main contributory factors towards this issue? Do you think the issue has persisted, improved or worsened in the time you have been involved with Liber8? What interventions do Liber8 use in counteracting the effects of alcohol misuse amongst teenagers? How do local teenagers and young people find out about Liber8? What collaborative work, if any, do you undertake with other agencies or services? Are you familiar with similar projects throughout Scotland? If so, do you see